![]() ![]() When estrogen binds to ER, it regulates gene transcription in the nucleus or activates kinases in the cytoplasm to play its role. Estrogen works mainly by binding to estrogen receptor (ER). The role of estrogen in the cardiovascular system is mainly to regulate vascular function, and participate in the inflammatory response, metabolism, survival of cardiomyocytes and stem cells. Currently, estrogen drugs commonly used in clinical practice are artificially synthesized derivatives of estradiol, such as estradiol benzoate and estradiol pentoxide. Natural estrogen is mainly estradiol, estrone, and estriol. The physiological effects have obvious impacts on endocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic systems, bone growth and maturation, and skin. ![]() Therefore, estrogen has a wide and important physiological role, which can promote and maintain the second sexual characteristics of female reproductive organs. The receptors for estrogen are distributed in the uterus, vagina, breast, pelvis, skin, bladder, urethra, bones, and brain. It is secreted by the ovary and placenta of female animals. Estrogen is a substance that promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics and sexual organ maturation in female animals. The estrogen signaling pathway refers to all proteins of estrogen function and related regulatory proteins.
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